RV and vandwellers wiki

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====== Internet for nomads ======

The internet is a lifeline for 'dwellers but it not always available in the ways it is for sedentary folk.  There are several challenges:

  - [[communication:intermittent|intermittency]] - the nomad will sometimes be completely out of range of internet access.  i.e. no wifi or mobile data available.
  - [[communication:bandwidth_conservation|limited bandwidth]] - there is internet access but it is dodgy or very congested, as in an RV park or when shooting long distances to an open wifi access.  Or getting 1 bar on a mountaintop in the middle of nowhere. 
  - [[communication:security|security]] - know what is safe and what is not
  - expense - mobile data is $$$ compared to residential broadband

See the [[https://www.rvmobileinternet.com/|Mobile Internet Resource Center]] for the latest news and updates regarding internet for people on the move.

[[https://engineerswhovanlife.com/category/van-life/internet/|Engineers who Vanlife]] have a good section on their website about internet options.

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===== Reducing consumption =====

A megabyte saved is a megabyte earned.

See [[communication:bandwidth_conservation|Bandwidth conservation]]

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===== Satellite Internet =====


{{:communication:squishy.jpg?direct&200 |}}

Starlink is the satellite internet service offered by Space-X, and offers a tier of service [[https://www.starlink.com/roam|specifically for RVs]]. $50-$150/mo and a $500-$2,500 receiver gets you extremely fast internet in most places in the country (Worldwide roaming is available for $200/mo). Although when on the RV/Roaming plan, your traffic is de-prioritized over users who have a fixed address in the area and you may experience slower speeds. This is more of a problem east of the Mississippi River.

Starlink works best in remote areas and may not work well in cities.  The receiver((who's official name is "Dishy McFlatface")) also requires a //completely// unobstructed view of the sky; even power lines and small tree branches will cause frequent service drop outs. This is a good solution for boondockers who set up camp in the wilderness, but it offers less usability for urban dwellers.

{{ :communication:starlink-mini-and-puppy.jpeg?nolink&400|}}

The receivers vary in size from the size of a laptop (Mini Dishy) to about the size of an Xtra-Large pizza box (HP In-Motion Dishy), and can take a lot of power (50-150w continuous draw, depending on the dish and weather conditions). The less expensive receivers aren't designed for the sort of vibration and forces imparted when driving, so the majority of Starlink users keep the dish inside the van with them and only deploy it when they're stopped somewhere for an extended period of time.  See one user's experience here:  https://www.tuckstruck.net/truck-and-kit/geekery/starlink-for-overlanders/. The in-motion $2,500 receiver //is// designed to mounted to the roof of vehicles and be operable while moving, but for most van dwellers the costs is not worth it.

Sometimes having the portable (non-vehicle-mounted) dish is preferable.  You can park in the shade, and run the dish out into a clearing (it's weatherproof).

=== Powering Starlink ===

Mini Dishy can be powered directly from a 100w PD 3.1 capable USB-C port [[https://star-mountsystems.com/products/dc-power-cable-direct-to-usb-c|using a special cable like this.]] Cig lighter outlet power cables are also available.

Running the larger Starlink dishes off of 12v is slightly challenging and will require providing your own router (see below for good Peplink and Cradlepoint options, but cheap consumer routers work fine for most people). You'll need to inject power into the cable going to Dishy, but it has proprietary connections, uses a non-standard Ethernet wiring and non-standard PoE((Power Over Ethernet)). Various options are available depending on skill level, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy6EqYZlscU|this video]] being a good start. Also see [[https://www.starlinkhardware.com/tutorial-12v-dc-power-supply-for-starlink-rv/|this article for less-destructive methods]] of powering Starlink directly from 12v.

People who have successfully powered Dishy [[https://www.offgridcto.com/2022/05/23/starlink-on-pure-dc-power/|directly off of 12v DC]] using a have reported [[https://www.tuckstruck.net/truck-and-kit/geekery/modifying-the-starlink-power-supply-to-run-on-ac-and-dc/|net power savings of ~30%]].

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===== Cellular data =====

Mobile (or "cell" data) is the internet access provided by mobile telecomm/cellular networks. This is always going to be a monthly fee. A reasonable updated comparison of the [[https://www.rvmobileinternet.com/planpicks/|best data plans for nomads is maintained here.]]

There are two components of this equation; Who the carrier is, and what hardware you're using to connect.

==== Carriers ====

  * **Verizon** dominates the RV/vandweller market because it has the most coverage, including out-of-the-way places.  This makes it the most popular carrier among nomads and [[camping:dispersed|boondockers]].  Verizon is infamous for being expensive and for doing jerky things like arbitrarily ending plans or throttling data.  It can be a bit of a love-hate relationship ((There is no love, it's just hate)).
  * **AT&T** and **T-Mobile** are about equal -- full coverage near cities and spottier coverage in the boonies. They've been much better in recent years about offering data plans that are conductive to full time nomads, while Verizon is still quite expensive and limits total data usage.
  * **MVNOs**
    * Often **you can buy data at cheaper rates**.  Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) are resellers who [[https://www.whistleout.com/CellPhones/Guides/which-network-is-your-mvno-on|buy excess capacity from major networks]] and sell it to customers at reduced prices.  Examples:  Boost (T-Mobile/AT&T), [[https://www.usmobile.com/referrals?data=Y29kZT1VWktEWUxOJm5hbWU9dXNlcm5hbWU=|U.S. Mobile]] (Verizon network) and many others.
    * The tradeoff is that your data may be deprioritized when a particular tower gets congested. Coverage in rural areas can often be less reliable, as the economics of scale mean that there is less excess capacity for these MVNOs to buy. Your data will still work, it'll just be slower when all those folks paying full retail start streaming Netflix at 7pm or whatever.  Can't put up with that?  Pay full price and take your chances with congestion anyhow.


Perhaps counterintuitively, having a non-Verizon carrier can actually be desirable at RV [[camping:social|meetups]], since everyone else is likely to be hammering the Verizon towers. 

==== Hardware ====

=== Your Cell Phone ===

At the simplest level, just use your cell phone. If you have a laptop, most phones offer a "hotspot" functionality where they will broadcast a (small) WiFi network that you can connect your laptop to.  This works well for intermittent usage, however many cellular carriers restrict how much data you can user for this per month (Usually 10-20gb/mo for a consumer plan).

=== Dedicated Hotspot devices ===

{{ :communication:vz.jpg?direct&200|}}

Sometimes called "jetpacks", these small devices are about the size of a deck of cards and effectively function as cell phones doing a perpetual hotspot (like above) but without the phone.  They broadcast a small local WiFi network that you can connect your laptop, maybe phone, and a few other devices to (typically they don't support more than 5 WiFi devices connecting to them).

You buy them typically through your cellular provider, and they are billed monthly just like any other cell phone line. Usually carriers have different types of plans available for these devices, including larger packages in the 100gig+ range.

=== Cellular Routers ===

{{:communication:verizon-certified-automatic-failover-single-cellular-router-max-br1-mk2-2-1800x0-c-default.png?250 |}}

Bigger versions of "Hotspot" devices, they offer more speed and capabilities at a higher cost. Functionally they offer similarity to a consumer home Wi-Fi router, with the addition that you can stick a SIM card in them for internet instead of needing to plug them into your cable modem. They can also sometimes offer features like  connection bonding and external antennas, which can GREATLY enhance cellular speed/availability if paired with an external roof-mounted antenna.

[[https://www.peplink.com|Peplink]] is extremely popular in the world of overlanders and cruisers (boaters).  They offer good capabilities in terms of speed, features, and connectivity at a price that is more palatable to most people who are living in a van.  Their [[https://www.peplink.com/products/max-br1-series/|Max BR1]] line of cellular routers offer a reasonable blend of capacity and capabilities for the price.

Something to pay attention is the number of spatial streams a router supports. This is typically something like **"2x2"** or **"4x4"** 

A "2x2" cellular router means that the device can transmit and receive 2 spatial data streams at the same time. This can give both more speed and more range, as you'll actually have two separate antenna leads so you've got a better chance that at least one of them is getting a good signal. If it can get good signal with both, it'll bond them together for more speed.

A "4x4" router can do four data streams, which is even faster and has even better range, but also means you need an antenna that has four leads on it which is more expensive.

=== Professional equipment ===

{{ :communication:cp.jpg?direct&300|}}

[[https://www.cradlepoint.com|Cradlepoint]] dominates the professional end of the market. 

These are commonly used commercially to provide wifi or data in buses, trains, delivery vans, and are targeted to companies with hundreds of vehicles. Because of this they are a lot more expensive than consumers are accustomed to, and more complicated to set up. They are intended to be deployed and managed by IT professionals, and to be used with roof-mounted antennas which can add complexity to a build.

A decent starting point is either the compact IBR900 (less expensive, 2x2 cellular radio, reasonable speeds) or the IBR1700 (physically larger device, but a 4x4 cellular radio for more speed as well as things like USB ports, OBD-II connectors, ethernet ports and GPIO pins).

A good installation guide is here: [[https://ridingroadsandtrails.com/sprinter-wifi-on-board/]]

**Notes from a professional wireless network engineer**

//I use a [[https://cradlepoint.com/product/endpoints/ibr1700/|Cradlepoint IBR1700]] router connected to a [[https://panorama-antennas.com/site/High-Performance-4x4-MiMo-Antennas|Panorama Antennas MAKO 5g LGMHM4-6-60-24-58 11-in-1 dome antenna]] which is mounted to the roof of the van. The router is ruggedized and designed to stand up to vehicle motion and vibration, and will run off of anything from 9-36v DC (it comes with a pigtail connector to wire into your battery system). It has a 4x4 MIMO cellular radio with the option to add a second, giving the ability to run two different SIM cards from two different providers and load-balance across them both at the same time. It also has three Wi-Fi radios (4x4 5GHz, 2x2 5GHz, and 2x2 2.4GHz), supports a native "WiFi-as-WAN" functionality, and integrates into the SD-WAN solution that allows me to connect easily to the datacenters that I oversea for my day job.

The total price for this setup is around $2,500, and while the performance is incredible I hesitate to recommend it to non-IT people due to the cost and complexity of installation.  It's not hard, but it's significantly more than a jetpack or consumer-grade wifi router from best buy.//

//-Princess_Fluffypants//




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===== Cellular Boosters =====


{{:communication:weboost.png?nolink&200 |}} 
These devices try to give better cell service by picking up weak signals and re-transmitting them at a stronger strength inside the van. WeBoost is a popular brand.

Real world performance is somewhat of a mixed bag. They can help in a few specific situations, but in many other situations they will make performance worse or result in even slower speeds. Much of this is because while modern cell phones (and cellular routers) can typically bond together multiple data streams at the same time for a greater overall throughput, a WeBoost can only pick up an amplify a single data stream. Cruiser and R/V forums and youtube are full of comparison articles and videos doing side-by-side tests.

The short answer is that for how much a WeBoost costs, the gains are extremely limited.  It's usually better to put the money towards a Cradlepoint or Peplink router with a good roof-mounted antenna, as that will generally give better performance in a wider variety of scenarios.

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===== WiFi =====

"WiFi" in this sense means connecting to the WiFi being broadcast from a traditional fixed internet connection. This could be the WiFi you find when parked outside a Taco Bell, Library, your friend's house, etc.  Shore WiFi is to internet access as [[electrical:shore_power|shore power]] is to electricity; cheap and plentiful.  When shore wifi is available one should be prepared to take advantage of it. 

=== Don't be a jerk ===

Use the resource appropriately and fairly; heavy use like streaming netflix or uploading YT vids can [[communication:bandwidth_conservation#conserving_wifi_data|seriously impact the shared network]].  If it's a business, spend your money there. Follow the guidelines in the End User Agreement on the splash page. 

> Go inside wherever you can find wifi service. make sure you at least buy a drink or something so they know you are a customer. Be quiet, respectful, stay out of the way, leave if all the tables are full and there isn't room for other paying customers, etc. You can often stay for quite a long time - just be considerate of others and you'll likely never be asked to leave. -- DollBabyLG((https://www.reddit.com/r/urbancarliving/comments/oswdqf/18f_and_might_be_homeless_soon_advice/h6shcpb/))

==== Connecting to WiFi ====

Wifi is often available in cities, but the Access Points may be too far to hit with individual devices. Solutions often include better antennas, better placement of existing antennas, or the installation of repeaters/routers. 

In order from simplest/cheapest to most complex/$$$

=== Positioning existing equipment ===

WiFi works best with line-of-site, and does not pass well through metal.  Relocate the device or park the vehicle so the laptop has a clear[er] view of the target.  Line-of-sight through glass is better than having metal in between.  


=== External WiFi adapters ===

External adapters are add-on WiFi cards that you connect to your computer (typically via USB). They are a //single-device solution//; they get wifi into that device, but not to any others.

The advantage of an external adapter is that they are often more powerful than the WiFi adapters that are built into laptops, and have larger (or the option to add larger) antennas. When used with a [[https://www.amazon.com/AmazonBasics-Extension-Cable-Male-Female/dp/B00NH12O5I?th=1|USB extension cord]] they can give you a lot more flexibility in making sure the receiver has good line-of-site to the access point (Such as taping the receivier to the front window while you're chilling in the back of the van out of sight). 

[[https://amzn.to/36zZ5j2|{{ https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/21DnTlvCrIL._AC_UY218_.jpg}}]]
  * use [[https://amzn.to/36zZ5j2|a usb wifi dongle]] that plugs in rather than the device's built-in wifi.  Preferably with movable or even detachable antennas 
  * completely separate usb wifi like an Alfa. These things are famous for a reason.  The [[https://amzn.to/31MER0J|Alfa AWUSO36-series]] is famous for range and technical abilities.  Having a separate USB on a cord may allow you to put the wifi receiver in a window/dash and keep the laptop inside. 


=== External Antennas ===

Dongles (and routers -- see below) with removable antennas are nice because you can upgrade to an antenna better suited to your uses.   Common upgrades include:

  * Using the same antenna on an extension so it can be place more advantageously
  * Higher-gain (better performing) antennas
  * Directional antennas that are aimed at the donor wifi
  * In ideal situations, [[https://panorama-antennas.com/site/High-Performance-4x4-MiMo-Antennas|purpose-made antennas]] are mounted to the roof of the vehicle and then connected to the receiving device inside. This is the best solution, however they are expensive and require drilling yet more holes in your van.

=== Extenders and Repeaters ===


Wifi extenders/repeaters/routers work by hopping a wifi signal from some further access point. They are  //multiple-device solutions//;  all your devices will leverage the repeated wifi. 

  * //Repeating//((sometimes called relaying)) takes the Taco Bell Wifi and replays it as MyVanWiFi or whatever in your van. While slightly more complex to set up, this is the ideal solution.
    * Repeating works by having two separate WiFi devices connected back-to-back; One WiFi device acts as the "receiver", and connects to the host SSID (The Taco Bell WiFi). While the other WiFi device acts as your personal "transmitter" and broadcasts your local in-van network.
    * There are products out there that attempt to do this in a single device, with varying degrees of success.  However by using a receiver such as a Ubiquiti Nanostation Loco as a "receiver", and then plugged it into the WAN port whatever off-the-shelf Best Buy router you have laying around, you can accomplish this for less than $100.
    * Many commercial products such as the above-mentioned Cradlepoint routers support this setup with the term "WiFi-as-WAN".  Usually you'll use one of the cellular radios (the 2.4GHz or 5GHz) to connect to the Taco Bell Wifi, and then the other radio will broadcast MyVanWiFi.  Tri-band routers (which typically have two 5ghz radios and one 2.4ghz radio) are great for this as they give a lot of flexibility.
  * //Extending//((sometimes called "repeating")) takes the signal (Taco Bell Wifi, for example) and makes it available as Taco Bell Wifi in your van.  The Taco Bell Wifi signal is //extended// beyond its original design.
    * **Notes from a professional wireless network engineer:** These things are //terrible// and should be avoided in all but the rarest of circumstances. Because they're adding a repeating station to an already large collision domain, every WiFi repeater that is connected to a network **reduces the speed of the entire wireless network by 75%**. The best analogy is that they're the WiFi equivalent of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microphone|The People's Megaphone]], and like the people's megaphone they make all types of communication //vastly// slower. Using one of these might make more bars appear on your phone, but as a result you are crapping all over the WiFi for everyone else who is connected to it.



[[https://amzn.to/2GWOaCG|{{ https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/31LsBv9brZL._SY90_.jpg}}]]Low-end and hobbyist units are inexpensive and can work okay, depending on your usage and technical ability.  

  * the [[https://amzn.to/2GWOaCG|GL-300M]] is a small ~$25 box that can be mounted anywhere it can see out a window or windshield.
  * units with external antennas like the [[https://amzn.to/39ieJyt|GL-AR300M]] can use better antennas, or extension wires to place antennas where they have a better view.
  * SOHO (small office home office) routers like the Linksys are widely available in thrift stores for <$5 and usually have removable/replaceable antennas;  look for units that run off 12v or 5v (usb) for easiest use.  

https://youtu.be/BHtcD0WUVJg


Many also remember SSIDs (access point names) and will reconnect to them as you travel.  You might pull into a McDonald's parking lot and hear your phone //ding//:  the router has already connected to the wifi and your phone ((connected to the router's internal wifi)) is asking you to click to agree to the wifi conditions. 

"Pro-sumer" WiFi access points like [[https://amzn.to/2S4gRE8|Ubiquiti Nanostations]] can be configured as part of a relay system, typically when mounted outside the vehicle.  This makes for maximum range but can reduce stealth.  Antenna wire losses are eliminated because the antenna is inside the receiver, and the signal brought into the vehicle over ethernet((which also powers the unit by PoE)). Remember that the Nanostation is directional; you need to point it at the WiFi you're trying to connect to.

=== DIY Relays ===

[[https://amzn.to/2OzOXxL|Raspberry Pi]] and similar hardware can be [[https://duckduckgo.com/?q=raspberry+pi+wifi+router&ia=web|made into DIY Relays/Routers]].

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===== further reading =====

  * [[https://www.technomadia.com/|TechNomadia]] are experts in mobile connectivity, and have [[https://www.rvmobileinternet.com|a dedicated website]] for sharing that information.  
  * [[https://ridingroadsandtrails.com/sprinter-wifi-on-board/]] Has some good information on doing internet in a van
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